Author: Paul
(2 Co 1:1; 10:1)
Born in Tarsus, Ac 21:39; 22:3
Noted trading center
Known for its manufacture of goat’s hair cloth
Paul learned tent-making trade in Tarsus
Famous university there
Roman citizenship
Used as a shield against magistrates
Used to advance Christianity
Jewish heritage, Php 3:5; Ro 9:1-5
Son of a Pharisee, Ac 23:6
Cradled in Orthodox Judaism
Education
Paul began his studies at age 13 under the famous Gamaliel (Ac 22:3; 26:4-5).
First appearance, Ac 7:58
Paul is at least 30 years old
Acknowledged leader in Judaism (Ac 7:58-8:3; 9:1-2; cf. 26:10-11; 1 Ti 1:12f)
Conversion by the direct appearance of Jesus, Ac 9:1ff
Paul was the greatest missionary of the first century
Paul’s character
Labors, burning zeal, untiring industry, singleness of aim, patience, suffering, sublime courage, fearless independence (2 Co 6:3ff)
Importance of Paul’s life
Conversion a testimony for truth
Academic activity is of utmost importance to the doctrinal foundation of Christianity
Missionary activity—to almost all the civilized world at that time (Ro 15:24; Eph 2:14)
Recipients of 2 Corinthians
The cosmopolitan church in the city of Corinth and central to southern Greece (2 Co 1:1; 6:11) Second Corinthians was written to circulate throughout the entire region.
Political setting
-Third year of Nero
-Roman empire expanding
-25 years after the crucifixion
The occasion of Writing 2 Corinthians
Sometime after Paul left Corinth, reports came to him about problems in the church. Before writing 2 Corinthians, he visited Corinth a second time. This visit went poorly (2 Co 2:1). He returned to Ephesus and wrote a sorrowful letter (2 Co 2:1-4). At the time of his writing of 2 Corinthians, false teachers had come to undermine Paul’s person and message (2 Co 10:1-2, 10). These people claimed to be super-apostles (2 Co 11:5, 23; 12:11). Paul went to Corinth to correct this problem, which he described as a “painful” visit (2 Co 2:1). These people defied Paul (2 Co 2:5-8,10; 7:12). However, some reaffirmed their loyalty to Paul (2 Co 7:7), but the false teachers were still in Corinth. Therefore, Paul defended his apostleship in 2 Corinthians.
The Jerusalem church was in poverty at the time of Paul’s writing of 2 Corinthians. Paul challenged the Corinthians to support the church in Jerusalem financially.
Summary:
Most Corinthians wefavorableive to Paul and his ministry.
The minority was negative toward Paul (2 Co 10:10).
-A vigorous faction refused to recognize Paul’s authority as an apostle.
-This group trumped up new charges against Paul. They made new charges toward Paul:
—They accused Paul of treating them lightly (2 Co 1:16-18).
—They accused Paul of pride (2 Co 1:24).
—They said he walked according to the flesh (2 Co 10:2).
—They said he was a coward (2 Co 10:10).
—They said he demeaned himself by manual labor (2 Co 11:7).
—They claimed he was not one of the original apostles and was not qualified as an apostle (2 Co 11:5; 12:11,12).
—They said that he was cunning (2 Co 12:16).
Date
A.D. 56 during Paul’s third missionary enterprise. Second Corinthians was written after he left Ephesus and while he was in Macedonia.
Paul sent Titus to Corinth while he was still in Ephesus. Titus’s non-arrival at Troas made Paul anxious about the state of the church at Corinth. Paul crossed over to Macedonia and met Titus there. Titus told Paul of the Corinth church’s cordial reception toward his correspondence. However, Titus told Paul of further problems in the Corinthian church, so Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia.
Place of Writing
The province of Macedonia in Greece (2 Co 7:5; 8:1; 9:2).
Purpose
(2 Co 13:10)
Paul wrote 2 Corinthians
-to commend those who positively responded
-to defend his person, role, and message
-to glorify God (19 times)
-to explain the purpose of his suffering (2 Co 1:3-11)
–to justify his change of plans to come to them (2 Co 1:12-2:4)
-to give instructions on how to treat the offender (2 Co 2:5-11)
-to express his joy at the Corinthians’ positive response to him (2 Co 2:12-13)
-to represent the gospel as superior to the law (2 Co 2:14-6:10)
-to appeal to separation and reconciliation to him (2 Co 6:11-7:16)
-to urge the Corinthians to speedily make a collection for the poor in Jerusalem (2 Co 8-9)
-to establish his authority as an apostle (2 Co 10:1-13:10)
Theme—Ministry for Christ
Second Corinthians is primarily theological rather than practical.
Characteristics
Second Corinthians is the most autobiographical book of the Bible.
Vindication of Paul’s authority and ministry
Not tightly organized
Most personal, least doctrinal except for Philemon
A marked difference from First Corinthians
Striking metaphors
Keywords
Different forms of “ministry”—18 times
“Glory”—20 times
City of Corinth
Historical background
The Romans destroyed Corinth in 146 BC, but the city was rebuilt by Julius Caesar 100 years later in 46 B.C. This Caesar established a Roman colony (established to adopt Roman law and culture) in Corinth, giving it solid Roman influence. It was geographically in Greece but culturally in Rome.
One-third of the city was composed of slaves during Paul’s time. The city itself was splendid and modern for the time. Great crowds attended the Isthmian games. Because of its two ports, much trade took place in the city. The city was a magnet for people from all over the world. It was a cosmopolitan city of Greek, Roman, and Oriental origin. Travelers from around the world came to Corinth.
Corinth was a prosperous city because of its ports. The city hosted the Isthmian Games, which are held every two years. It was the capital of the Roman province of Achaia.
Corinth, in Paul’s day, was the commercial metropolis of Greece. It was one of the largest, richest, and most important cities of the Roman Empire, and it was the hub of commerce in the first century.
It was a Roman colony and capital of the province of Achaia.
Population
600,000, surpassed only by Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch.
Corinth was a city-state.
Jews flocked to Corinth: Ac 18:1-18; 1 Co 9:20.
The city is described in the derogatory term “Corinthanize”—equivalent to “Paris of Antiquity.”
Location of Corinth
Corinth was located in southern Greece, where the Peloponnesus separated from northern Greece by a four-mile-wide isthmus.
Situated on the principal trade route for land (north and south). Near land bridge between Peloponnesus and mainland Greece. There were two nearby ports:
On the east—near the port city Cenchrea, six miles east of the Saronic Gulf
On the west — the port city of Lechaeum, which was two miles north of the Corinthian Gulf
Sailors dreaded sailing over 200 miles around the southern capes of the Peloponnesus because of natural dangers, so they rolled ships and cargo across the peninsula:
Dangerous to sail around the Peloponnesus
Smaller ships and cargo hauled across the Isthmus on rollers (4 miles)
Corinth was a natural resting place for sailors during trans-shipment
Strategic location—the importance of the city was strategic in Paul’s world mission strategy
The Acrocorinth
The Acrocorinth was an acropolis (high city). Its massive Presence overshadowed the city, and It was big enough to hold the entire population of Corinth. It stood on a 1900-foot mountain.
The Acrocorinth held the temple of Aphrodite (goddess of sex), holding 1000 ritual prostitutes, both female and male.
The Acrocorinth was a place of defense and pagan worship, and many other temples were located on this site.
Paul’s Connection to the Church at Corinth
(Ac 18:1-18,27; 19:1,21,22; 20:1,2)
Paul had a seven-year rocky relationship with the Corinthian church. He went through several phases with this assembly of believers, beginning with his second missionary journey.
Paul made three visits to the city between A.D. 50 and 56. Coming down from Thessalonica and Berea in the north, Paul first visited the city of Corinth in the autumn of A.D. 50 (Ac 17:1-15; 18:1-18; 1 Th 2:17-18). He worked as a tentmaker (Ac 18:12-17). This was toward the end of his second missionary journey.
Luke records the founding of the church of Corinth in Acts 18:1-18. The church started in a Jewish synagogue composed of Jews and Gentiles (Ac 18:4-5). Paul stayed 18 months (Ac 18:18-28) and established the church with fellow tentmakers Aquila and Priscilla in A.D. 51. The synagogue’s leader (Crispus) became a believer (Ac 18:8). Opposition came from the Jews, but the Roman Gallio refused to hear the case because of its religious nature.
Paul left Corinth to visit Jerusalem and Antioch about A.D. 52 with Aquila and Priscilla. From there, he went to Ephesus to set up his base of operations for three years. Apollos became the next leader of the Corinthian church (Ac 18:24-19:1).
Paul returned to Ephesus for two and one half years on his third missionary journey in the fall of A.D. 53, from which he wrote 1 Corinthians. He had already written a non-canonical letter (as mentioned in 1 Co 5:9). Paul wrote this letter to the Corinthian church during his early stay in Ephesus before he wrote 1 Corinthians.
While in Ephesus, a delegation came from Corinth and told him about troubles in the Corinthian church (1 Co 1:11-12; 16:15-18). While still in Ephesus, Paul received a letter from the Corinthian church, raising several questions about Christian living (1 Co 7:1, 25; 8:1; 12:1; 16:1, 12).
Paul wrote 1 Corinthians in A.D. 54. He wrote 2 Corinthians to clarify the lost letter (written before 1 Corinthians), answer Chloe’s group, and address specific issues raised in 1 Corinthians.
Paul announced his intention for a future lengthy visit to Corinth (1 Co 16:7), but he changed his mind and made an emergency visit from Ephesus (1 Co 16:8). This visit ended in a tense relationship between the Corinthians and Paul (2 Co 2:1-4). A leader in the Corinthian church affronted Paul, but the church did not deal with the offending individual (2 Co 2:5). This event undermined the authority of Paul’s apostleship.
In A.D. 55, Paul made a second visit to Corinth (2 Co 13:2), but we do not know the purpose of this visit. However, we know this was “painful” (2 Co 2:1). The apostle had to confront a ringleader in the church. No one in the church came to his defense for this personal attack on his integrity (2 Co 2:5-11).
Following the visit that grieved Paul and once back in Ephesus, he wrote another letter—a third and “severe” letter—which we do not possess (2 Co 2:4). This correspondence was a rebuke to the church about the person who had caused him trouble during his visit. Titus carried this letter to Corinth (2 Co 2:13; 7:5-16). Paul worried about how the church would receive Titus. Upon not hearing about Titus, Paul went to the city of Troy (Troago to crossover to Macedonia. He found Titus with the good news that the Corinthian church welcomed Paul’s letter (2 Co 7:7, 11, 12).
Paul wrote 2 Corinthians after this second visit to Corinth (his fourth letter to the church). He wrote this letter because of the positive report from Titus. This epistle was to prepare the congregation for his third visit. Paul structured 2 Corinthians around his broken relationship with the church (2 Co 1:12-2:17; 2:1).
Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia, where he met Titus (2 Co 7:5-6). Paul then sent this last correspondence to the Corinthians. He wrote his most direct response to this situation in 2 Corinthians 10-1refutingted the phony apostles from Macedonia. He spent three months there. Titus carried 2 Corinthians to the church in A.D. 56 (2 Co 7:16).
Paul visited Corinth for the third time (Ac 20:2-3) around A.D. 56 or 57. He stayed for three months during this visit. He returned to Corinth after Roman imprisonment (1 Ti 1:3; 2 Ti 4:20).
Summary:
First visit to Corinth on a second missionary journey, A.D. 51.
Left Corinth with Priscilla and Acquila for Ephesus, A.D. 52.
Paul left Ephesus for Jerusalem in A.D. 52.
Returned on third missionary journey to Asia:
—to Galatia and Phrygia
—to Ephesus again (stayed three years, Acts 19) in A.D. 53.
He re-established his connection with the Corinthian church from Ephesus.
Paul wrote a letter (now lost), which the Corinthians misunderstood (1 Co 5:9).
The house of Chloe reported problems in the Corinthian church (1 Co 5:9-11). An official delegation came from the Corinthian church about issues in the church (1 Co 16:17). Paul wrote 1 Corinthians to address these problems. Timothy may have carried this letter to Corinth.
Paul visited Corinth for the second time, but this visit was “painful” (2 Co 2:1, 5; 7:12). After he returned to Ephesus, Paul sent a third and severe letter carried by Titus to the Corinthians (now lost) in response to this painful visit.
Paul left Ephesus due to a riot and went to Troas (Troy), hoping to meet Titus there. Having not found Titus, he went to Macedonia (Ac 20:1-3), where he met him.
Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from Macedonia. He asked Titus to carry this epistle to Corinth (2 Co 2:12, 13; 7:5,6; 9:2,4).
Paul visited Corinth for the third time in A.D. 56-57 (Ac 20:2-3).
Outlines
Introduction (1:1–11)
Paul’s defense of his person, 1:12–2:11
Paul’s defense of his ministry, 2:12–7:16
Collection for the Jerusalem church, 8:1–9:15
Preparation for Paul’s visit, 10:1–13:13
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Introduction and personal testimony, 1:1-2:13
Glory of ministry, 2:14-7:16
Glory of giving, 8:1-9:15
Defending ministry, 10:1-13:14
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True Ministry, 1:1-7:16
Giving Ministry, 8:1-9:15
Apostleship Ministry, 10:1-13:14
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Introduction
Salutation, 1:1-2
Thanksgiving, 1:3-11
-for comfort, 1:3-11
-for deliverance, 1:8-11
The Ministry, 1:12-7:16
Defense of Paul’s ministry, 1:12-2:17
The glory of ministry, 3:1-6:10
The Collection, 8-9
Example of the Macedonians 8:1-6
Example of Christ, 8:7-9
Principles of giving, 8:10-9:5
Results of liberality, 9:6-15
The Vindication, 10:1-13:10
Paul’s authority, 10
Reasons for his authority, 11:1-15
Paul’s suffering proves apostleship, 12:1-10
Paul’s unselfish love proves his apostleship, 12:11-18
Paul will demonstrate his apostleship when he comes, 12:19-13:10
Conclusion, 13:11-14
